Why Atoms Form Chemical Bonds With Each Other

Atoms form chemical bonds to make their outer electron shells more stable. The type of chemical bond maximizes the stability of the atoms that form it. An ionic bond, where one atom essentially donates an electron to another, forms when one atom becomes stable by losing its outer electrons and the other atoms become  stable (usually by filling its valence shell) by gaining the electrons. Covalent bonds form when sharing atoms results in the highest stability. Other types of bonds besides ionic and covalent chemical bonds exist, too. Bonds and Valence Electrons The very first electron shell only holds two electrons. A hydrogen atom (atomic number 1) has one proton and a lone electron, so it can readily share its electron with the outer shell of another atom. A helium atom (atomic number 2), has two protons and two electrons. The two electrons complete its outer electron shell (the only electron shell it has), plus the atom is electrically neutral this way. This makes helium stable and unlikely to form a chemical bond. Past hydrogen and helium, its easiest to apply the octet rule to predict whether two atoms will form bonds and how many bonds they will form. Most atoms need eight electrons to complete their outer shell. So, an atom that has two outer electrons will often form a chemical bond with an atom that lacks two electrons to be complete. For example, a sodium atom has one lone electron in its outer shell. A chlorine atom, in contrast, is short one electron to fill its outer shell. Sodium readily donates its outer electron (forming the Na ion, since it then has one more proton than it has electrons), while chlorine readily accepts a donated electron (making the Cl- ion, since chlorine is stable when it has one more electron than it has protons). Sodium and chlorine form an ionic bond with each other to form table salt (sodium chloride). A Note About Electrical Charge You may be confused about whether the stability of an atom is related to its electrical charge. An atom that gains or loses an electron to form an ion is more stable than a neutral atom if the ion gets a full electron shell by forming the ion. Because oppositely charged ions attract each other, these atoms will readily form chemical bonds with each other. Why Do Atoms Form Bonds? You can use the periodic table to make several predictions about whether atoms will form bonds and what type of bonds they might form with each other. On the far right-hand side of the periodic table is the group of elements called the noble gases. Atoms of these elements (e.g., helium, krypton, neon) have full outer electron shells. These atoms are stable and very rarely form bonds with other atoms. One of the best ways to predict whether atoms will bond with each other and what type of bonds they will form is to compare the electronegativity values of the atoms. Electronegativity is a measure of the attraction an atom has to electrons in a chemical bond. A large difference between electronegativity values between atoms indicates one atom is attracted to electrons, while the other can accept electrons. These atoms usually form ionic bonds with each other. This type of bond forms between a metal atom and a nonmetal atom. If the electronegativity values between two atoms are comparable, they may still form chemical bonds to increase the stability of their valence electron shell. These atoms usually form covalent bonds. You can look up electronegativity values for each atom to compare them and decide whether an atom will form a bond or not. Electronegativity is a periodic table trend, so you can make general predictions without looking up specific values. Electronegativity increases as you move from left to right across the periodic table (except for the noble gases). It decreases as you move down a column or group of the table. Atoms on the left-hand side of the table readily form ionic bonds with atoms on the right side (again, except the noble gases). Atoms in the middle of the table often form metallic or covalent bonds with each other.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory Paper - 1375 Words

Cognitive Dissonance Theory Paper 1 Cognitive Dissonance Theory Paper Psy 400 Axia Online Cognitive Dissonance Theory Paper 2 Introduction The cognitive dissonance theory has many possible scenarios and examples chosen throughout life. The theory will be either enhanced or decreased depending on a number of factors such as the person’s moral values, social upbringing, and social status at work, religious views, culture, and more. When a person makes a decision, such as calling into work sick when he or she are not sick may have a number of consequences. The first may be the person’s conscience and the possibility of getting caught in the act of a†¦show more content†¦When returning to work makes sure that it continues to play out and it would be best to not walk in as if there were not an illness; just say that you are still recovering the flu symptom. Everyone takes that unexpected day off for mental reasons; it just cannot become a habit, because that will be cheating the company. The boss may catch on also the coworkers, and the person could be fired. Discuss possible explanations for the behavior using attribution theory There can be many explanations for why an employee would call in sick to work when he or she is not really sick. One reason could be explained through the attribution theory. The attribution theory explains the behavior like this can be explained by attributing it to either the employee’s internal disposition or to an external situation. The employee’s internal disposition could be that the employee always seems to have a bad attitude to his or her job duties and that his or her personality is pessimistic or lazy. The employee’s external situation could be that he or she has a manager who is constantly micro-managing them, which makes them unhappy at work, or the employee has a coworker who is their counterpart who is slacking at work. The employee may have to work harder at the job than the other employee to get their collective tasks completed. This may lead to the employee calling out sick because of his or her internal disposition – they are just lazy and doShow MoreRelatedAssignment on Cognitive Dissonance1417 Words   |  6 PagesTheory Paper on Cognitive Dissonance Theory â€Å"Sometimes people hold a core belief that is very strong. When they are presented with evidence that works against that belief, the new evidence cannot be accepted. It would create a feeling that is extremely uncomfortable, called cognitive dissonance. And because it is so important to protect the core belief, they will rationalize, ignore and even deny anything that doesn t fit in with the core belief.† ― Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, WhiteRead MoreThroughout An Individual’S Life, One Will Go Through Experiences815 Words   |  4 PagesThe cognitive dissonance theory can be explained by the first concept of dissonance and three hypotheses to then reduce the dissonance. This theory begins with first recognizing the dissonance between one’s certain behavior and one’s certain belief. Within the cognitive dissonance theory, Festinger hypothesized three mental mechanisms people use to ensure that their actions and attitudes are in harmony. These three hypothesizes are categorized as that, selective exposure prevents dissonance, postRead MoreCognitive Dissonance And Its Effects On Behavior1497 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Dissonance is refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. 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Communication theories take into account different components that describe the nature and dynamicsRead MoreConsumer Buying Behavior : Post Purchase Dissonance And Factors Affecting Such A Behavior Essay777 Words   |  4 Pagesbuying behavior - Post Purchase Dissonance and factors affecting such a behavior. Introduction In a highly dynamic environment, marketers in order to increase product’s sales should not only create new customer base but also retain its existing ones. For that to happen, higher customer satisfaction is required which also helps to.increase revenue. When a consumer purchases a product and comes back home, he starts analyzing his decision and leads to post purchase dissonance when his behavior does not matchRead MoreTheories of Persuasion1733 Words   |  7 Pagesaware of what the audience likes or prefers. The following paper seeks to explore some of the main theories surrounding persuasion. 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General Problem of Manual System Free Essays

History of Existing System Taytay campus was established in year 2008, they have a library but there have shortage in books. In that time the students are donating books in the library. To borrow a book from the library you need to register first. We will write a custom essay sample on General Problem of Manual System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Librarian required you need to present an Identification card (National ID School) during presentation if the ID card you are required to fill up the form to register in the library, after registration in the Librarian you are free to select the books you want to borrow. Once you have chosen the books you are needed the Librarian get it. The Librarian keeps your Borrower Card and the logbook. Returning book, before on the stipulated date you, are required to return the book. On presenting the book, you will sign the logbook that you have returned the book and also state the date. Note: If you fail to return the book at stipulated date you may be fined and if you lost the book you will be pay. Users of Existing System Library System Library System has involved: * Librarian * Students * Faculty Librarian – He/She maintain the arranging of books and the silentness of the Library. * Is a person who works professionally in a library and usually trained in Librarianship. Traditionally a Librarian is associated with collections of books. Library System 1. In borrowing a book. -need to sign-in to borrowers cards and sign-in to a logbook 2. In entering library -need to sign-in to logbook 3. In using Computer -need to sign-in to a logbook and give to Librarian your ID. Student – The users of the library. * He/She borrowed a books for research information Causes why students go to library * To get more information in their research * To research their lessons * To concentrate well in their activities Faculty – used library to research for more information. How to cite General Problem of Manual System, Papers

Forgiveness Arabian Streets

Question: Discuss about theForgivenessfor Arabian Streets. Answer: Introduction Fatima had not been attending classes at her school for almost two weeks now. Her teachers wondered what could be the problem with her. She did not even bother to communicate with her teachers on her lateness in class. Her mother had forced her on several occasions to attend her classes irrespective of what had happened to her. However, she turned this down and told her mother that she had left attending that school for good. She did not explicitly mention to her mother what the problem was. At one point, she was heard speaking over the phone, if at all I have to go back to school, then it must be a non-Emirati school." Her mother was shocked to hear her mentioning these words and wanted to intervene as she was aware that her daughter might tell her what is disturbing her. Fatima's teachers kept on calling, but she did not pick her teachers' calls. One day, when Fatima and her mother were strolling down the Arabian streets, they met a boy, tall, dark and handsome. Fatima quickly turned and walked away in a different direction as if she never wanted to meet this handsome guy. Her mother was shocked as according to her, Fatima was always attracted to such kind of men. She was shocked as this man did not catch her daughters attention. Why did you turn and walk away from that man?" Mother asked, but she failed to respond. She kept quiet about it for a very extended period. They silently walked back home without uttering any words on their way. That evening, when Fatima was busy preparing supper, her mother did not give up on asking her questions. She now understood why Fatima insisted that she was never going back to Emirati schools. She tried to connect these two parts-the boy was an Emirati; she walked away from him, and Fatima did not want to attend Emirati schools. When her mother approached Fatima, she quickly uttered, "Mother please, not again. I am tired of all these questions. I beg to be left alone!" Her mother did not give up. She asked her for quite a long time until Fatima decided to open up for her mother. When Fatima opened up for her mother, her mother was shocked to hear the reason why Fatima had left school. The young man, named Khalifa, had threatened Fatima on several occasions to marry her. "My daughter, Emirati individuals are very generous. Just marry him if he is in love with you," her mother said. Fatima stood up from where she was sitting and threatened to walk away if her mother did not stop reasoning like an infant. Fatima quickly told her mother that she does not believe that money and love are related in one way or the other. Fatima later informed her mother that the young man is her classmate and he was the main reason as to why she had left attending her school. "Emirati men think that money is love. They also feel that they are quite superior and they believe that they can marry at their wish just because of money. Well, as for me, they have failed, and in this case, Khalifa has failed," Fatima argued, However, this was not the case with Khalifa. As the two talked, Fatima's mother saw Khalifa knocking at the door. Fatima left the kitchen, and Fatima's mom had to attend to Khalifa. He had come to apologize to Fatima. He mentioned that he was a changed man and only wanted to be close friends with Fatima. With a heavy heart, Fatima ignored these referring to them as a pretense. However, Khalifa went down on his knees and apologized. Fatima shed tears and said, "come on Khalifa, stand, your apologies have been accepted. Next time, be a good boy. I am your best friend now."